How to Download CMake
CMake is an open-source, cross-platform tool that allows developers to manage the build process of their software projects in a simple and portable way. CMake can generate native project files for various platforms and environments, such as Visual Studio, Xcode, Make, Ninja, and more. CMake can also handle complex tasks such as system introspection, dependency detection, and user customization.
In this article, you will learn how to download and install CMake on Windows, macOS, and Linux/UNIX systems. You will also learn some common errors and solutions for using CMake effectively.
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Introduction
What is CMake and what are its benefits
CMake stands for Cross-platform Make. It is not a build system itself, but rather a meta build system that generates another system's build files. For example, CMake on Windows will produce a solution for Visual Studio; CMake on Linux will produce a Makefile; CMake on macOS will produce a project for Xcode and so on.
CMake has many benefits for software development, especially for cross-platform projects. Some of these benefits are:
It allows developers to write one set of configuration files that can be used on different platforms and environments.
It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries.
It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.
It provides automatic discovery and configuration of the toolchain and system libraries.
It supports optional components and user-defined variables at configuration time.
It supports custom commands and targets for generating source files or performing other tasks during the build process.
What are the prerequisites for installing CMake
To install CMake, you need to have a working C++ compiler on your system. You also need to have enough disk space to store the downloaded files and the installed binaries. The exact requirements may vary depending on your platform and configuration.
Installing CMake on Windows
Downloading the pre-compiled binaries from the official website
The easiest way to install CMake on Windows is to download the pre-compiled binaries from the official website: . You can choose between MSI packages and ZIP files. The MSI packages are installers that will guide you through the installation process. The ZIP files are archives that you can extract to any location you want.
Running the installer and modifying the system PATH variable
If you choose to download an MSI package, you need to run it as an administrator and follow the instructions on the screen. You can choose a custom installation directory if you want, but make sure to check the option to add CMake to the system PATH for all users or the current user. This will allow you to run CMake from any command prompt or terminal window.
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If you choose to download a ZIP file, you need to extract it to a location of your choice. You can use any file archiver tool, such as WinZip, WinRAR, or 7-Zip. After extracting the files, you need to manually add the bin directory of CMake to the system PATH variable. You can do this by following these steps:
Open the Control Panel and click on System and Security.
Click on System and then on Advanced system settings.
Click on the Environment Variables button at the bottom of the window.
In the System variables section, find the variable named PATH and click on Edit.
Add a semicolon (;) at the end of the existing value and then paste the full path to the bin directory of CMake. For example, if you extracted CMake to C:\Program Files\CMake, you would add ;C:\Program Files\CMake\bin to the PATH variable.
Click on OK to save the changes and close all the windows.
Verifying the installation by running cmake --version
To verify that CMake is installed correctly and added to the PATH, you can open a command prompt or a terminal window and run the following command:
cmake --version
This should display the version number and release date of CMake. For example:
cmake version 3.21.3 CMake suite maintained and supported by Kitware (kitware.com/cmake).
If you see an error message saying that cmake is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file, then you need to check your PATH variable and make sure it contains the correct path to the bin directory of CMake.
Installing CMake on macOS
Downloading the disk image or tarball from the official website
The easiest way to install CMake on macOS is to download the disk image or tarball from the official website: . You can choose between DMG files and TGZ files. The DMG files are disk images that contain a graphical installer for CMake. The TGZ files are compressed archives that contain the pre-compiled binaries for CMake.
Copying CMake.app into /Applications or a custom location
If you choose to download a DMG file, you need to double-click on it to mount it as a virtual drive. You will see a window with a CMake icon and an Applications folder. You can drag and drop the CMake icon into the Applications folder or any other location you want. This will copy CMake.app into your system.
Making the command-line tools available in the PATH
If you want to use CMake from the command line, you need to make sure that its executable files are available in your PATH variable. You can do this by following these steps:
Open a terminal window and navigate to the location where you copied CMake.app. For example, if you copied it into /Applications, you would run this command:
cd /Applications
Run this command to create symbolic links for all the executable files in CMake.app/Contents/bin into /usr/local/bin:
sudo "/Applications/CMake.app/Contents/bin/cmake-gui" --install
Enter your password when prompted and press Enter.
Verifying the installation by running cmake --version
To verify that CMake is installed correctly and added to the PATH, you can open a terminal window and run the following command:
cmake --version
This should display the version number and release date of CMake. For example:
cmake version 3.21.3 CMake suite maintained and supported by Kitware (kitware.com/cmake).
Installing CMake on Linux/UNIX
Downloading the pre-compiled binaries or source code from the official website
The easiest way to install CMake on Linux/UNIX systems is to download the pre-compiled binaries or source code from MAKE_C_COMPILER or CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER variables at configuration time. For example, if you want to use gcc instead of the default compiler, you would run this command:
cmake -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ ..
You can also use the CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE variable to specify a file that contains the settings for your toolchain. For example, if you have a file named toolchain.cmake that defines the compiler, linker, and other tools for your target platform, you would run this command:
cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=toolchain.cmake ..
Handling spaces in paths and arguments
Another common issue when using CMake is dealing with spaces in paths and arguments. Spaces can cause problems when passing them to commands or scripts, as they may be interpreted as separators or delimiters.
To handle spaces in paths and arguments for CMake, you need to use double quotes or escape them with backslashes. For example, if you want to install CMake into a directory that contains spaces, such as C:\Program Files\CMake, you would run this command:
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="C:\Program Files\CMake" ..
Or this command:
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:\Program\ Files\CMake ..
Conclusion
CMake is a powerful and versatile tool for managing the build process of your software projects. It can help you create cross-platform and portable projects that can be built with different compilers and environments. It can also help you automate and customize various aspects of your build process, such as dependency detection, option selection, and source generation.
To download and install CMake on your system, you can follow the steps outlined in this article for Windows, macOS, and Linux/UNIX systems. You can also check the official website for more information and documentation on CMake: .
FAQs
What is the difference between Debug and Release build configurations?
Debug and Release are two common build configurations that affect how your project is compiled and linked. Debug configuration is used for development and testing purposes, as it enables debugging symbols, assertions, and other features that help you find and fix errors in your code. Release configuration is used for production and distribution purposes, as it optimizes the code for speed, size, and performance.
To specify the build configuration for CMake, you can use the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE variable at configuration time. For example, if you want to use Debug configuration, you would run this command:
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ..
How can I specify different options and variables for CMake?
CMake allows you to specify different options and variables that affect how your project is configured and built. Options are boolean values that can be turned on or off by the user. Variables are values that can be set by the user or by CMake itself.
To specify options and variables for CMake, you can use the -D flag at configuration time. For example, if you want to enable testing support for your project, you would run this command:
cmake -DENABLE_TESTING=ON ..
You can also use the ccmake or cmake-gui tools to interactively edit the options and variables for your project.
How can I use CMake to generate project files for different IDEs?
CMake can generate project files for different IDEs that allow you to edit, build, and debug your project using a graphical interface. Some of the supported IDEs are Visual Studio, Xcode, Eclipse, CodeBlocks, and more.
To generate project files for a specific IDE using CMake, you can use the -G flag at configuration time. For example, if you want to generate a Visual Studio solution for your project, you would run this command:
cmake -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ..
How can I use CMake to find dependencies and libraries on my system?
CMake can help you find dependencies and libraries on your system that are required or optional for your project. CMake provides a set of modules that can locate and configure various packages using standard or custom methods.
To use CMake to find dependencies and libraries on your system, you can use the find_package command in your CMakeLists.txt file. For example, if you want to find the Boost library for your project, you would add this line: find_package(Boost REQUIRED)
This will try to find the Boost library on your system and set some variables that you can use to link and include it in your project. You can also specify the version and components of the package that you need. For more information on how to use find_package and the available modules, you can check the official documentation: .
How can I use CMake to create custom commands and targets?
CMake allows you to create custom commands and targets that can perform arbitrary tasks during the build process. Custom commands are instructions that are executed at build time or configuration time. Custom targets are logical entities that can depend on other targets or files.
To create a custom command using CMake, you can use the add_custom_command command in your CMakeLists.txt file. For example, if you want to create a command that runs a script to generate some source files, you would add this line:
add_custom_command(OUTPUT generated.cpp generated.h COMMAND generate-sources.sh DEPENDS source-template.txt)
This will create a custom command that produces two output files, generated.cpp and generated.h, by running a script named generate-sources.sh, which depends on a file named source-template.txt.
To create a custom target using CMake, you can use the add_custom_target command in your CMakeLists.txt file. For example, if you want to create a target that runs a command to format your code using clang-format, you would add this line:
add_custom_target(format COMMAND clang-format -i *.cpp *.h COMMENT "Formatting code with clang-format")
This will create a custom target named format that runs clang-format on all the .cpp and .h files in the current directory and prints a comment when doing so.
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